WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING?
Civil engineering is the basic engineering branch that combines materials and techniques in the best way and deals with the planning, project, construction and inspection of structures. Civil Engineers work on all kinds of buildings, dams, airports, bridges, roads, aqueducts, ports, sewers, water networks, tunnels, railways, high-speed train projects, subways, etc. It conducts training and research on the planning, design, construction and control of service and industrial structures. Civil engineering, which is also accepted as the mother of engineering, is the oldest basic engineering branch after military engineering and the English word meaning civil engineering was first used in the 18th century. It was also used to distinguish non-military engineering studies from military engineering. Civil engineering is one of the founding engineering fields. Since civil engineering covers a wide area, there is a need to specialize in various branches. Major of these fields are environmental engineering, geotechnical, municipal or urban engineering, coastal engineering, basic surveing, structural engineering, foundation engineering, hydraulic engineering, materials science, transportation engineering, etc. are subjects.
WHAT ARE THE JOB OPPORTUNITIES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN TURKEY AND THE WORLD?
There is no typical career path for civil engineers. Many qualified civil engineers start out with low-responsibility jobs and as they prove their competence, they gain confidence for jobs and tasks that require a higher level of responsibility. However, each branch of the civil engineering profession requires following different career paths. In some fields and companies, entry-level engineers start from the construction monitoring department as the "eyes and ears" of senior design engineers, while in some fields and companies they may start working in routine analysis, design and interpretation. Experienced engineers, on the other hand, often serve in more complex and demanding jobs and tasks, such as in forensic engineering, including complex analysis work, management of more complex design projects, management of other engineers, or private consultancy. Graduates of universities related to technical fields can be employed in the public and private sectors. They also set up their own businesses. Public Works and Settlement, Forestry, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Transport and DSI, Highways, Ministry of National Education and public economic enterprises etc. Some of them work in institutions and organizations such as
In our country, they can work in THY, TAI, THK and private aviation companies, as well as in main maintenance supervisors, TAI or TUSAŞ. They work in aircraft factories or repair shops affiliated to the Ministry of Transport. He worked in official institutions such as TKİ, Etibank, MTA Institute, DSI, Turkish Petroleum Corporation, Electricity Works Survey Administration, Soil-Water, Road-Water-Electricity Authority, Earthquake Research Institute, and private enterprises such as foreign oil companies, private mining and drilling companies. they can get it. Architects working in the public sector usually work in the Ministries of Public Works and Settlement, Transport and municipalities.
WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?
Civil engineering has been an element of life since the beginning of human existence. The first examples of civil engineering science may have started between 4000 BC and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) regions, when people left the nomadic life and the need for shelter construction arose. During this time, with the development of wheels and sails, transportation became an increasingly important need.
Until modern times, there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture. They were used interchangeably for civil engineers and architects of the period, often referring to the same person. The construction of the pyramids in Egypt (approximately 2700-2500 BC) is one of the first examples of large building constructions. Other ancient historical civil engineering structures Athena temple, Parthenon (447-438 BC), built in Ancient Greece, Appian Way (312 BC), built by Roman engineers, by the order of the Chinese Emperor Shih Huang Ti, General Meng t' It is counted as the Great Wall of China (220 BC) built by Ien and the Jetavanaramaya buddha monument (3rd century) in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
As the leading school of civil engineering science in the world, we can give an example of the school in France, which was separated from the Bridge and Highway Corps and grew up in 1747 and became the National School of Bridges and Highways. The teachers of this school have published books that have become the main standards in hydraulics, machine mechanics and materials science. Among the civilian population, who used concepts such as design, calculation, and empirical formulas by self-training due to necessity, there were people who were engineers, even if they were not soldiers. In England, James Brindley started out as a miller and became the leading canal builder of the century, with John Rennie building the New London Bridge while he was a miller's apprentice. Thomas Telford, a stonemason, became Britain's leading road builder.
The term civil engineering was first used in the 18th century in the form of civil engineering in the world, to describe the engineering movements of the civilian population, unlike military engineering actions. John Smeaton, who built the Eddystone Lighthouse, went down in history as the first person to call himself a civil engineer. In 1771, Smeaton and a few of his friends founded the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, where prominent members of the profession met at dinner. Although there were some technical meetings, this group did not go beyond being a small social group.
In 1818 the institution of civil engineers was established in London, and in 1820 the famous engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution gained royal charter in 1828 when civil engineering was officially recognized as a profession. Civil engineering was defined as follows;
(Civil engineering) for both domestic and foreign trade; in the construction of roads, bridges, canals, river transports and piers for internal interaction and shopping; in the construction of ports, docks, breakwaters, lighthouses; in the art of circulation by artificial power for commercial purposes; and in the application and construction of machinery; and in the drainage of cities and towns; It is the art of directing the great power resources of nature to the use and benefit of human beings as the means of production and transportation in countries.
The first private university to provide civil engineering education in the USA was Norwich University, founded by Captain Alden Partridge in 1819. The first engineer to be awarded civil engineering in the United States was awarded by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first female engineer to receive the award was Nora Stanton Blatch, who was awarded by Cornell University in 1905.
HOW IS CIVIL ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION?
Civil engineers typically hold an academic degree important to civil engineering. The length of education for such a degree is usually 3-5 years. While some universities designate it as a Bachelor of Science, usually the degree completed is referred to as a Bachelor of Engineering. This degree awarded includes units covering specific topics in physics, mathematics, project management, design and civil engineering. Initially, such topics cover most, if not all, of the civil engineering sub-engineering. Towards the end of undergraduate education, students choose one or more sub-engineering specializations. Although students with a bachelor's degree (BEng/BSc) are officially recognized to be able to provide engineering services, some universities offer graduate engineering education for students to specialize in a particular field of interest. The annual meeting conference of the Japanese Association of Civil Engineers(2009), in most countries, the bachelor's degree in engineering is the first step towards becoming a specialist in the profession, and the degree program must be approved by another previously specialized body. Requirements such as experience and examination conditions must be met. After the license certificate is given, s/he receives the titles of Specialist Engineer in America, Canada and South Africa, Privileged Engineer in many Commonwealths of Nations, Privileged Specialist Engineer in Australia and New Zealand, and European Engineer in many European Union Member Countries. . There are international engineering agreements between the relevant professional organizations of many communities, allowing engineers to practice across international borders, and engineering certificates are considered valid. The advantages of different certificates issued by different countries may differ according to the country in which the engineering certificate is issued. For example, in the United States and Canada, only a licensed engineer is authorized to sign and seal, can submit engineering plans and drawings to the public for approval, and provide engineering services for the public or private sector. This requirement is regulated by state and provincial legislation such as the Quebec Engineers Act. In other countries, there is no such legislation. For example, in Australia, the license of engineers is limited to the state of Queensland. Almost all countries have non-governmental organizations that engineers are affiliated with and protect their members from risk and unethical behavior. In this way, these organizations play an important role in ensuring ethical standards for the profession. Engineering services have to comply with many state laws and environmental laws, such as the regulations of these non-governmental organizations. In the eyes of these laws, there may be criminal sanctions for excessive negligence.
